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Differences in average test scores over time reflect differences in the cumulative educational opportunities available to the students over time.

In the Recovery Explorer, we focus on two differences: (1) pre-COVID (2019) to one year post-COVID (2022); and (2) one year post-COVID (2022) to two years post-COVID (2023). The first tells us about how much educational opportunities were affected by COVID. Declines in test scores reflect declines in the cumulative opportunities to learn that students had before vs. during the pandemic. The second tells us about cumulative opportunities during the first full year of academic recovery post-COVID. Changes during this time tell us about whether students have been able to access more opportunities to learn (both in and out of school) during the 2022-23 school year.