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The data are based on the achievement tests in math and Reading Language Arts (RLA) administered annually by each state to all public-school students in grades 3–8 from 2018–19 to 2022-23. In these years, 3rd through 8th graders in U.S. public schools took roughly 90 million standardized math and RLA tests. We use 2019 data reported by EDFacts and 2021-22 and 2022-23 data reported publicly by states as the basis for the estimates shown in this explorer.

We combine information on the test scores in each administrative school district with information from the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP; see https://nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/about/) to compare scores from state tests on a common national scale (see the Methods page).

We never see nor use individual test scores in this process. The raw data we receive includes only counts of students scoring at different test-score levels, not individual test scores. There is no individual or individually-identifiable information included in the raw or public data.